Copyright © 2003 - 2020 - UKEssays is a trading name of All Answers Ltd, a company registered in England and Wales. A review of the historical context in Britain is helpful for understanding the current challenges related to discrimination in the country’s CJS, as well as more longstanding issues related to racial discrimination across the U.K. overall. It is necessary to assess first the query of whether racism exists within the system and if so, to what extent. Arrestee drug abuse monitoring (ADAM): drug use among arrestees. Victims were also more satisfied and costs were lower than traditional prosecutions, the report states. Research in policing investigates individual factors that may influence the work of police officers. While 14% of the general population are from BAME backgrounds, the proportion within the police and prison service is 6%. In this critique, we will be looking into this article to see these points in which Mac Donald states proves that the criminal justice system is, in fact, not a racist one. Forensics research utilizes science: DNA recovery, fingerprinting, and forensic interviewing. Problem-solving courts: what underlying problems do they address? Available for everyone, funded by readers, Offering some first-time offenders option of rehab programmes instead of a trial should be considered, says Alison Saunders, Experts cite police data showing disproportionate number of minority ethnic people died due to excessive use of force by state, Officers had been told bicycle theft suspect was white but targeted a black man standing nearby and used excessive force to arrest him, West Midlands officer also asks man if he is going to ‘go all Black Lives Matter’ in footage posted on Facebook. And it can move towards more complete understandings of how to remedy these problems. Otherwise, your disinterest will translate into your writing, which may negatively affect the overall impression. © 2020 Guardian News & Media Limited or its affiliated companies. There are many pressing issues in the field. click here to become a subscriber. ❓ What Are the Principal Areas of Criminology Research? But the minimum entry-level requirement is usually the bachelor’s degree. 2. Also, it’s just more enjoyable to work on something that resonates with you. Feminist criminology seeks to address this limitation by enhancing our understanding of both male and female offending as well as criminal justice system responses to their crimes. In 2009 alone, African American males accounted for 6.7 times more incarceration rates than whites in both state and federal penitentiaries, characteristics that describe a category an individual falls under. Racial profiling: targeting minority groups on the basis of race and ethnicity. An understanding of implicit race bias can help us to better understand the workings of institutional racism, and in particular the idea of unwitting prejudice. Some think the criminal legal system has big problems that need to be reformed. Biological theories of crime: how do biological factors correspond with law violation? The National Academy of Sciences stated that blacks are more likely than whites to receive prison terms rather than community service. Environmental crime: climate change crime and corruption. Now that you have looked through the full list of topics, choose wisely. Robbery: risk groups, ways of prevention, prosecution and punishment. How does weather correspond with law violation? Prosecutions against some black and minority-ethnic suspects should be deferred or dropped to help tackle the bias against them in the criminal justice system of … Types of drugs: how do they affect the users? Join AlterNet 2020 for $1 and go ad-free. How does social class correlate with crime rate? Restrictive housing: can it help decongest prisons? Thus the study is not conclusive that there does not exist a whole host of other factors why ethnic minorities may come to be within the system in the first place. Are there any pros? Due process model: procedural and substantive aspects. The research a criminologist accumulates during their work is extensive. To put it simply, criminology studies the anatomy of a crime. Now, after we looked through the topic collections on criminology and criminal justice, it is time to turn to the specifics in each of the fields. In these ways Lea argues that racism does arise from the normal functioning of the police system, a sentiment that was echoed by a comment from the Director General of the Prison Service 2001 when he said that “the prison is an institutionally racist institution which reflects an institutionally racist white society”(). Ways of disrupting the activity of a group. Classical criminology: the contemporary take on crime, economics, deterrence, and the rational choice perspective. Others students fi nd jobs with government, non-profit, and community organizations. All rights reserved. In short, think of criminal justice as a part of law enforcement. Students can find guides on how to improve their writing and academic performance in general, get useful tips on making their study process more efficient, or learn how to deal with particular issues. Serial killers: risk groups, ways of detection and prevention. Compare the different takes on the matter. Not sure that your original research direction will be appreciated? After massive amounts of reading and studying information and statistics regarding charging and sentencing, they concluded that "large racial differences in criminal offending, A Wretch but for Love: Shakespeare’s Sonnet 91 Essay, Food Industry: Nestle CSR Strategy Essay, The Complexity of Mother and Daughter Relationships in Amy Tan’s Joy Luck Club. Its main purpose is to determine the suspect’s innocence or guilt. mind so that decisions at all stages can, at least as much as is possible, be made equitably. How discriminatory is the UK Court System? Then, you need to be able to answer the question: what’s the difference between criminology and criminal justice? custody, arraignment, adjudication, disposition ... which region of the United States has the highest crime rates. Many undergraduates who studied criminology later get jobs in law enforcement and other parts of the criminal justice system. Lammy said allowances should also be made for younger defendants’ immaturity and criminal records should be sealed to help former offenders find work, adding that statistics suggested discrimination was worse than in the US in some cases. Time-series designs study the same group at successive points in time. Forensic science: role and functions in modern criminal justice. Terrorism: definition, history, countermeasures, Counter-terrorism: constitutional and legislative issues, Racism and discrimination towards African-Americans, Concepts of law enforcement: pursuing criminal justice, Terrorism in perspective: characteristics, causes, control, Human trafficking: current state and counteracts, Effects of gun control measures in the United States, Victimology and traditional justice system alternatives. There is explicit racism in criminal justice, of course—that is, conscious anti-black or white supremacist attitudes—in the minds of police, attorneys, judges, and other individual who work in the system. But when it comes to drug arrests, blacks are arrested at a rate more than twice their percentage in the population. “They see the system in terms of ‘them and us’ ,” Lammy said. 1st Jan 1970 “Many do not trust the promises made to them by their own solicitors, let alone officers in a police station warning them to admit guilt. Registered Data Controller No: Z1821391. Here are some of the most typical and interesting criminal justice issues to dazzle your professor. Thus it can be seen that a complex interplay of socio-economic, demographic,institutional, structuraland culturalfactors, alongside direct and indirect racialdiscrimination (Philips) are responsiblefor the overrepresentation anddiscriminatory outcomes evident in the system.Edgar and Martinconcur,suggesting that in the context ofdiscussion on discriminatory treatment withinprisons, the experiences of ethnic minorities should be see in the context ofexpectations which might have arisen fromcontact with other criminal justiceagencies. Indeed, Von Hirsch and Roberts in their reflections on the Hood study highlight the problems inherent in the assumption of a ‘level playing field’ of the variables chosen. An understanding of implicit race bias can help us to better understand the workings of institutional racism, and in particular the idea of unwitting prejudice. The best positions, though, are left for the professionals with a master’s degree or a PhD. Back it up with plenty of evidence, too. Our academic experts are ready and waiting to assist with any writing project you may have. Anti-Racism Research & Resource Guide. Thus, there exists discrimination on a broad level within the criminal justice system, which needs to be recognised and addressed at the decision-making level. Crimes committed on a religious basis: how are they punished? Psychological theories of crime: criminal behaviour through the lense of an individual’s personality. You can view samples of our professional work here. In the field of criminology, the specialties are numerous. Victim services: what help can a victim of a crime get? Sexual harassment: the role of activism, ways of responding, prevention and prosecution. As an example, Lammy said that when the word “gang” was used rather than “group” in discussions about crime, “it can be used to signal ethnicity rather than to describe the links between a group of suspects”. Below we are going to look at the short version, starting with the case study of Stephen Lawrence… The list of evidence is long, but there are limitations with this evidence, and alternative ways… Prisons: the problems of bad living conditions. Over 65 percent of prisoners serving life without parole for nonviolent offenses are black. Crime mapping as a way to map, visualize, and analyze crime incident patterns. Custom-Writing.org blog is a go-to place for any student, and it doesn’t matter if it’s their first or last year of studying. Victimization: causes and ways of prevention. The nature of criminal transgression is evolving, and so do the ways of prosecution. If you take up a career in criminal justice, expect to work in one of these fields. The race industry will proclaim that it. Free resources to assist you with your university studies! Its primary concern is with the criminal behavior of the perpetrators. Nowadays, it’s much harder for criminals to conceal their activity due to evolved technologies. Registered office: Venture House, Cross Street, Arnold, Nottingham, Nottinghamshire, NG5 7PJ. Here are some examples of controversial topics that you can explore. The time point of a crime is also important, as well as the reason for it. Thus there are clearly deeper roots of discrimination which cumulatively result in the discrepancies seen. Are delinquency cases higher among immigrant children? You will need to exercise your creative, written, and verbal communication skills, too. Bowling argues that there exists an ‘either, or’ debate; whether the overrepresentation in the prison population is the result of a higher rate of black people committing offences, or, conversely, the result of an accumulation of bias throughout the criminal process. Domestic abuse victims: what laws protect them? Fraud in the scientific field: how can copyright protect the discoveries of researchers? Black youth are twice as likely to be arrested for crimes in school as white kids, over 2.5 times as likely to be arrested for curfew violations as white kids, twice as likely as white kids to be arrested for all crimes, and much more likely to be held in detention than white kids, according to the Sentencing Project. Is there a connection between mental health and law violation? The result is a lack of legitimacy in their eyes,attributed to the criminal justice system as a whole, resulting in blackdefendants being more likely to pleadnot guilty and to optfor the Crown court(Von Hirsch),thus furtherincreasingtheir propensity to be sentencedseverely. Kidnapping and ransom: common features, motifs, behavior patterns. Anti-Racism Research & Resource Guide Policing & The Justice System Search this Guide Search. (Concordia St. Paul), A CS Research Topic Generator: Purdue University, A Introduction To The Federal Court System: US Department of Justice, Criminal Justice Research Topics: Broward College, Research Topics in Criminology: Cambridge Institute of Criminology, Areas of Expertise: Centre for Criminology & Sociolegal Studies, University of Toronto, Research: Department of Criminology & Criminal Justice, University of Maryland, Research Methods in Criminal Justice: Penn State University Libraries, Research: School of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Arizona State University, Criminology – Research Guide: Getting started (Penn Libraries), The History & Development of the U.S. Criminal Justice System: Study.com, CRIMINAL JUSTICE & CRIMINOLOGY: Marshall University, Criminal Justice: University of North Georgia. As this science is much more profound than police training, choosing good criminal justice research topics may be rather challenging. Drug abuse warning network (DAWN): predicting trends in drug misuse. The contemporary face of justice has been changed by forensic science beyond recognition. Counter fraud research investigates cases of fraud and corruption. Nevertheless the widediscretion accorded to police in such cases means that the prevalenceofminority groups in the figures suggests some formof racism. Quantitative criminology: how exploratory research questions, inductive reasoning, and an orientation to social context help recognize human subjectivity. Environmental crime. We've received widespread press coverage since 2003, Your UKEssays purchase is secure and we're rated 4.4/5 on reviews.co.uk. If the prison population reflected the makeup of England and Wales, there would be 9,000 fewer people in prison. Just as the prison,heargues, may mirror external macro-socialtrends, “so too can it lead to theirexistence by stigmatising and curtailing the life chances of ethnic minoritiesfurther”. Rather than an “inflexible” boundary, at the age of 18, between youth and adult courts in England and Wales, the German system allows for less punitive juvenile law to be applied to young adults if the “moral and psychological development” of the defendant suggests he or she is immature or “like a juvenile”. For full functionality of this site it is necessary to enable JavaScript. Also, criminology professionals must have a good grasp of math and statistics. Therefore, this essay will highlight particularly natural right core concept, human right history, the Stephen Lawrence case, stop and search, police brutality and implication of racism on the criminal justice system. A recent report by Center for Policing Equity found that police are more likely to use force like Tasers, dogs, pepper spray and physical force against black people than white people when making arrests. The article depicts arrest rates of both whites and blacks and compares statistics on these arrests. Child abuse: types, prevalence, risk groups, ways of detection and prevention. Environmental crime: local, regional, national, and transnational level. Hate crime: the implications in criminal justice. For example, with employment: there is evidence that black people suffer from disadvantage in the labour market, so to take this into account when sentencing would amount to an indirect form of discrimination. One the other hand the ‘extra-legal’ factors camp argue that over and above the racial discrimination experienced in society as a whole, black people receive unfair and inferior treatment by virtue of the ethnicity at the hands of a predominantly white justice system.Oxbridge Essays www.oxbridgeessays.com. Punishment types and the established terms. However Ashworth highlights the fact that Hood’s research does not account for the fact that more black people enter guilty pleas, choose to come to the crown court where sentences given are often harsher and may disproportionately become involved in more serious crime.

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