Print. Gramsci was a Marxist thinker in the 20th century whose work evaluated culture and political leadership. In Merton’s theory he saw certain goals emphasised through society and used financial success as an example. Print. Evidence to support these theories that prison is a way of controlling the working class by the ruling class can be seen in the inequalities of the prison population. 40% of prisoners under the age of 25 had left school before they were supposed to, compared with only 11% of the general population. Furthermore, the degree of freedom and respect for servitude is very low in most of the global South countries. These include lack of advanced and modern technology, lack of enough knowledge and skills to apply in production, and over-exploitation of workers by the capitalists (Sutton, 228). Gramsci’s theory suggested that capitalism maintained control not just through political and economic coercion, but also through ideology as well. IvyPanda, 2 June 2020, ivypanda.com/essays/marxist-theory-of-development/. Besides, the gap between the rich and the poor in global South countries due to lack of democracy is also one of the major reasons for underdevelopment. Platt, T. (1974) Prospects for a radical criminology in the United States. Furthermore, global South countries are mainly based on subsistence method of production coupled with a lot of labor exploitation, thus leading to poor living standards and low development levels. Representation And The Newspaper Media Criminology Essay, The Contribution Of The Chicago School Of Criminology Criminology Essay, Strain Theory, Robert Merton - An Analysis, http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/marxism_crime.htm, CustomWritings – Professional Academic Writing Service, Tips on How to Order Essay. Rusche (1980) took the same approach in his theory of punishment and social structure. Indeed, capitalism is divided into two units. Therefore, it is clear that, to some extent, lack of enough structures such as advanced technology, exploitation of workers, lack of ideologies, overdependence, and lack of autonomy is some of the reasons that have led to poor development of global South countries (Davenport, 28). This essay is going to critically discuss with reference to Marxists theories of punishment whether the application of punishment is determined by the class system. “An Overview of the Main Theories Regarding the Role of the State.” Economic Insights – Trends & Challenges 65.4 (2013): 73-82. Marxist perspective. Sharpe Inc.) 47.4 (2013): 1003-1010. “When a labour surplus occurs, wages go down causing a mass unemployment resulting in extremely high penalties, such as corporal and capital punishment executed in a torturous fashion. & Bohlander, E. W. (1976) Repression and criminal justice in capitalist America, Sociological Inquiry, 46, 95-106. Again, capitalist system can be applied in these countries in sectors such as agriculture using machinery and technology to promote surplus production. (2020, June 2). Emilie Durkheim’s anomie theory also recognised the division in society and in his book termed it as the division in labour. He concludes that this in turn causes dissatisfaction, frustration, conflict and deviance. Print. Schwendinger H. & Schwendinger, J. This study also found that 15% of prisoners were from Black or Asian ethnic minorities yet these minorities only make up 5% of the general population. Learn How to Order Essay Online. NACRO (1997b) Criminal Justice Digest. For full functionality of this site it is necessary to enable JavaScript. The poorer end of society known as the ‘proletariat’ which is also known to be the working-class, and the ruling-class he described as being a more dominant class, called the ‘bourgeoisie’; these were owners of wealth that did not need to work. As a result, maintenance of labor is very poor in these countries, leading to poverty and poor living standards (Mombeshora, 442). Thirdly, Marxist theory also argues that capitalists’ main aim is usually to maximize their profits regardless of the impact that process will have on other players such as workers (Davenport, 27). Crime and Social Justice, 1, 2-6. In what way was traditional society different from modern society? However, this usually requires the availability of advance technology. In T. Platt, & Takahi, P. “The Case for Socialized Law.” New Republic 244.22 (2014): 28-33. Jenner, A. Evidently, in global South countries, the rich and the capitalists usually exploit workers, with the amount of labor power provided by workers being not directly proportional to the amount of money given to them. “On The Persistence Of Labor Market Insecurity And Slow Growth In The US: Reckoning with the Walton’s Growth Regime.” New Political Economy 17.5 (2012): 543-564. It causes the working class the need to chase to get ahead which can manifest itself it to criminal behaviour. Rusche, G. (1980) Labour Market and Penal Sanctions: Thoughts on the Sociology of Criminal Justice. IvyPanda. Print. This is thought to be needed in order to keep crime down” (Rusche, 1980:??). The process of development usually aims at fulfillment of human needs in an equitable manner and without any discrimination. Retrieved from https://ivypanda.com/essays/marxist-theory-of-development/. 38% of prisoners under 21 had experienced being in care whilst only 2% of the general population experience this and 13% said they did not have a place to live before they entered the prison system (Walmsley et al., 1992 cited in NACRO, 1997b). Bourdieu claims that middle class students succeed better than those of the working class as they are the dominant culture. From the paper, it is clear that Marxist theory of development focuses on the development of countries in the view that human civilization involves a number of organization structures. Despite this, I also fully support the idea that most of the global South countries fail to use necessary natural resources that they have due to lack of enough skills, knowledge, and modern technology. Sutton, Alex. Durkheim’s anomie theory looks at social norms in society being broken while Merton’s Strain theory (1938) looks more at deviance who also refers to bureaucratic behaviour as well as criminal behaviour in his theory. Marxist theory also argues that development is based on motivating power of the capitalists’ development viewpoint (Mombeshora, 440). Marxism referred to this as oppression and believed that the ruling class exercised their power over the working class in order to control them. In addition, global South countries also usually lack proper knowledge to apply in the development and utilization of natural resources they own. These were set up in a bid to help supply their need for cheap labour. “Research Note.” Journal of Economic Issues (M.E. IvyPanda. 1. The general level of real wages depends on the other forces of the economic system.”, M.I.A. There are also some poor cultural practices in global South countries that hinder their development. Rusche, G. & Kirchiemer, O. “Marxism In IR: Condemned To A Realist Fate?” European Journal of International Relations 19.1 (2013): 27-48. Need a custom Essay sample written from scratch by It contains thousands of paper examples on a wide variety of topics, all donated by helpful students. Unfortunately, your browser is too old to work on this site. As a result of these conflicts, the society faces many challenges, leading to low development levels. (Edts. (1982) Radical Criminology: An explanation. Print. This could also be argued in the case of why white collar crime does not get much attention paid to it over criminal law. The power held by the dominant class has also been termed ‘cultural capital’ (Giddens, ). Print. That it is a mere control of the bourgeoisie bid to control the working class. Various scholars have defined the word development differently. Be prepared to answer this question from either a Marxist (Karl Marx)perspective. (1970) Defenders of order or guardians of human rights? People from classes outside the ruling class acknowledged their own good with the good of the ruling class. In his study of US societies that these higher rates of crime were amongst the lower classes (Williams and McShane, 1988: 79-83). Pierre Bourdieu another sociologist influenced by Marx argues that it is the education system, to blame for the failure of the working class, not the working class culture. This can also be seen in the application of law and how the bourgeoisie wrong doings do not fall under any law but as mentioned earlier fall under administrative and governing laws in order to protect their own. (1939). Library | Search | History | This essay on Marxist Theory of Development was written and submitted by your fellow student. There are other theories that also recognise a division in society. I recognize that some authors, like Marx, at times fall on both sides of the divide, and I … The house of correction’s main aim and focus was there to make those that didn’t want to work and was unwilling to work, to make them work. During period where labour was in excess, and the attitude changed toward the poor, it became unprofitable to force people to work and prisons became warehouses for people that he also claimed cost money. Therefore, such structures and features should change in order for these countries to achieve their expected development. According to Marxist theory, a number of structures lead to poor development in global South countries. Thirdly, capitalists usually increase their profits by increasing the productivity of labor. Mary Wollstonecraft is known to be the 'Grandmom' of modern feminist writers. This is IvyPanda's free database of academic paper samples. Therefore, they need to receive compensation that is equivalent to the value of their labor (Scheiber, 32). Firstly, there is the organization of labor system including division of labor, labor cooperation, skills of labor, and status of labor, which incorporates social environment and the degree of freedom and servitude in the society. Criminology, 19, 565-589. He stated without clear rules to guide the working class, individuals find it hard to find a place in society. By clicking “Proceed”, you agree to our terms of service and privacy policy. Because of this social inequality and division in society between the working class and ruling class, he believes that certain goals are just not available for certain groups within society such as the lower social class. As a result, the technology and skills applied will enhance the productivity of labor. During the industrial era the ruling class turned prisons in to workhouses which were named the house of correction. New York: Russell & Russell. However, these struggles continue even in current social environment. Again, due to low class struggles in the global South countries, most of them are still underdeveloped, forming the basis that leads to constant conflicts between ethnic groups in most these global South countries. (2020) 'Marxist Theory of Development'. They reckoned this figure could rise by the year 2005 to 82,000. In most cases, these countries experience lack of enough resources, poverty, ethnic and regional conflicts, hunger, mass displacements, environmental degradations, poor education level, corruption, lack of democracy, abuse of civil and human rights and even cultural conflicts (Sutton, 222). According to Marxist theory, society has a system of social class that usually consists of propertied and non-propertied classes (Scheiber, 33). He also claimed that the attitudes towards punishment need to change when the living conditions of the working class began to get worst. June 2, 2020. https://ivypanda.com/essays/marxist-theory-of-development/. He said not everyone has equal access to these financial achievements or success and that some people may look for illegitimate ways to gain this success. http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/marxism_crime.htm accessed on. He believed that the bourgeoisie uphold control, that they developed a hegemonic culture which he saw transmitted its own set of norms and values that just became common sense values and norms of everyone. He states that education attainment is directly related to those who possess the most cultural capital (Giddens – Sociology). 91, February, NACRO: London. Issues in Criminology, 7, 71-81. The application of punishment is determined by the class system. He states that when wages go up because of the lack of labour that this in turn causes the ruling class to apply their power to supply the need for cheap labour. Besides, class struggle has been largely witnessed in Africa where many poor societies lack empowerment to exploit their raw natural resources, leading to underdevelopment (Scheiber, 29). Anderson, P. (1976) The Antinomies of Antonio Gramsci. This caused the conditions to deteriorate even worst in an attempt to deter the working class not to end up inside the prison (Rusche and Kirchiemer, 1939). ... it identifies three influential currents of writers that claim their own work is consistent ... the thesis shows that one Marxist interpretation of modern capitalism—Lenin's . The relations pattern of production shows the various class structures of a society that determine their production output (Scheiber, 28). 2020. Marxist think law is an abuse to general human rights and they also question the power of the law and it purpose in its application, if the working class are policing the working class (Schwendinger and Schwendinger, 1970, 1972, 1977; Platt, 1974 cited in Williams and McShane, 2010). He recognised there was a split in society between the wealthiest and the poor. To begin with, this theory focuses on the interpretation of the materialistic and economic history. We will write a custom Essay on Marxist Theory of Development specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page. Marxism influences cultural capital. Writers – scientists, philosophers, teachers – in the Soviet Union were obliged to develop their ideas in terms of the official orthodox Marxist dogma. It is also evident in many global South countries that workers usually work many hours that are not directly related to the wages they get. Here, Marx argues that the economic aspect and interpretation of history of materialistic attempts indicates the historical perspective of how various countries came to posses the resources they have today (Waller, 1008). Therefore, global South countries need to formulate and adopt policies that would promote their general development including changing their mode of production through utilization of modern technology and knowledge. Rusche saw that the exploitation of prison labour began to be the preferred method over previous methods such as corporal and capital punishment. A Home Office Research and Planning Unit Report, HMSO: London. Therefore, I totally support the Marxist theory on the fact that most global South countries are poor due to the lack of good structures that enhance development. A national survey done by the Home Office carried out on prison population in 1991 showed that it was made up by uneducated young men, many whom had an ethnic minority background. Marxist theory of development views economic development in three perspectives (Waller, 1006). We utilize security vendors that protect and ensure the integrity of our platform while keeping your private information safe. (2014) Assessment Workshop [SC6001 Justice, Punishment and Social Control]. Maguire, M., Morgan, R. & Reiner, R. (2007) The Oxford Handbook of Criminology (4th edt), University Press: Oxford. New Left Review). Her works on feminism include; 'A Vindiction of the Rights of Women' published in 1792. Again, it is also clear that class struggles and poor tribal system in the global South countries lead to constant ethnic conflicts and slave culture system. The modern American left is more Marxist than the Soviet Union. Besides, workers usually have only one commodity to sell, which is their labor. They saw that the labour of the working class needed to be exploited in order for the ruling class to gain more capital. Using this essay writing service is legal and is not prohibited by any university/college policies. "Marxist Theory of Development." One of Marx’s main focus’ in his theory was the economy and he believed those who had wealth were the powerful and those who were poorer were the powerless. Copyright © 2020 - IvyPanda is a trading name of Edustream Technologies LLC, a company registered in Wyoming, USA. In that sense, mode of production means a specific pattern of production in a particular society that determines social life, political life, and religious arrangement of a society (Vidal, 555). She is considered to be the first feminist in England which was an extremely patriotic society. Marxist writers; and 3) establish the humanist argument to be a better model for Marxist theory as opposed to the determinist model, and to clarify the humanist position so that it might be used by future writers. It found that 41% of prisoners either posed no skills or had very little, compared to 18% of the general population; again a large over representation of unskilled labour force. His study found some interested figures in evidence of the theories that have been presented in this essay. IvyPanda. As Jenner (2014) stated “the conditions need to be markedly more unpleasant than the conditions of life experienced by those of the lowest strata living free in society”.

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