The author of the original and many subsequent studies concludes that “when people put their emotional upheaval into words, their physical and mental health improves markedly” (Pennebaker & Seagal, 1999, p. 1244). Narrative writing is far more complex that simple descriptive writing. Faced with uncertainty and doubt, readers nonetheless must form an impression of the evidence and synthesize the state of knowledge in order to address the clinical or research question that stimulated their interest in the review. Search for other works by this author on: Long-term cardiometabolic disease risk in women with PCOS: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Word Use in the Poetry of Suicidal and Nonsuicidal Poets. Increasing rates of insight words (‘understand’, ‘realise’) and causal words (‘because’, ‘reason’) over time are also associated with improvement (Pennebaker, Mayne & Francis, 1997). Pennebaker, J. W., Mayne, T. J., & Francis, M. E. (1997). The "art" of writing use to be the only means to correspond with others. An infusion of systematic review methods would strengthen narrative reviews and in turn systematic reviews could benefit from the presentation strengths of narrative reviews. Also the excessive concentration in systematic reviews on odds ratios and relative risks is anachronistic, now that absolute differences and numbers needed to treat are the preferred measures of treatment effects (Sackett and Cook, 1994). In the study by Smyth and colleagues (2001), the instructions to participants were manipulated. In writing the novel, I had managed to gather together all the flotsam and jetsam of my experience: love and death and everything in between. The primary problem is that the narrow focus and prescribed methods of the systematic review do not allow for comprehensive coverage. At the launch of my completed, published novel, the ‘big moment’ for me was not only that I had realised a valued personal goal, but that, by the end of the process I had reached a place of resolution and coherence. During content area instruction, teachers can integrate a simple daily routine of three one-minute rounds of fluency-building experiences. Background knowledge, evolving concepts and controversy require the flexibility of a narrative review with broad coverage and situational choices about the inclusion of evidence. Find training and education courses, including CPD, Monitor progress towards your CPD requirements. Though not exactly the same, some parallels to the process of fictionalising traumatic events can be drawn here. And, best of all, they even make the editing process easier! Such topics would require the wider scope of a traditional narrative review, in which less explicit methods are the trade-off for broader coverage. Recognizing that there is a need for both systematic and narrative reviews, could one review type learn from the other? Such a state of positive wellbeing, known as ‘flow’, has been studied in writers, artists and musicians (but which exists across science, aesthetic experience and sport, and is manifest in the absorption of anyone doing something they love). Too high the challenge or too low the skill set will result in anxiety and discomfort – classic conditions for writers’ block. Emotional Expression in Written Essays and Psychotherapy. The Czech psychologist Csikszentmihalyi (pronounced cheeks-sent-me-high! They allow ideas to flow in an organized and free manner. PO Box 38Flinders Lane As other examples, it would be burdensome to apply systematic methods to a survey on aneuploidy and fertility in the aging female or to an assessment of mouse knockout models and polycystic ovarian phenotype. Currently, progress in reproductive medicine depends primarily on knowledge of developments in molecular biology, genetics and pharmacology. Cognitive, emotional and language processes in disclosure. Interestingly, while written disclosure study participants are reported to experience an increase in distress immediately following a writing intervention, it usually dissipates quickly and may actually be necessary for later improvement (Pennebaker & Seagal, 1999). Of course, the results of the search, selection and assessment procedures must meet the referees’ and editors’ sense of propriety, but readers may not be privy to the methods and thus could not make judgments about the authors choices. These studies contribute to the theories of how people gradually come to terms with their traumatic experiences through writing. Level 13, 257 Collins Street For each question there may be multiple studies that use different designs and inclusion criteria. Authors could arrange the subject matter in a series of objective questions, each section based on specified procedures for search, relevance and validity and tied to other sections by appropriate descriptive links. “The act of constructing stories is a natural process that helps individuals to understand their experiences and themselves” (Pennebaker & Seagal, 1999, p. 1243). In contrast, the rigour of a systematic review is needed for effectiveness of diagnostic and treatment interventions and for the outcomes of natural and therapeutic exposures, including adverse events and costs. Other studies have also demonstrated that the development of a coherent, forward moving narrative, complete with satisfying resolution, is important for participants to gain any benefit. Even when the search has been exhaustive, there are no simple guides on how to interpret conflicting results and whether to accept apparently outlying studies. John A. Collins, Bart C.J.M. For scientific questions, the experimental species, models and designs may differ. Smyth, J. For clinical questions, the interventions, outcomes and measures of effect may vary: the effect measures in treatment studies include odds ratios, relative risks and absolute differences. Given that review and synthesis are central to good scientific and clinical practice, and that a grasp of the current state of knowledge is a prerequisite to designing new studies, it is pertinent to ask which reviews are most likely to fulfil the needs of readers. Benefits to emotional health, such as reduced post-traumatic symptoms and improved mood and psychological wellbeing, have also been shown (Baikie & Wilhelm, 2005). (03) 8662 3300, Toll free: This browser is not supported. Your browser currently has JavaScript turned off. ACN 000543788. 8009, Phone: about the storied reality of human experience. A link to reset your password will be emailed to you. Stress and the cognitive-conversational benefits of social interaction. Find out how the APS advocates on issues in the interest of community wellbeing and social justice. Using a text-analysis computer program, it was discovered that those who benefit maximally from writing tend to use a high number of positive-emotion words, a moderate amount of negative-emotion words, and increase their…, The Role of Story-Making in Disclosure Writing: The Psychometrics of Narrative, The Words to Tell their Own Pain: Linguistic Markers of Cognitive Reappraisal in Mediating Benefits of Expressive Writing, Storytelling, Depression, and Psychotherapy, The Potential Role of Life-Writing Therapy in Facilitating ‘Recovery’ for Those with Mental Illness, A Current Paradigm : Written Emotional Disclosure, Finding a voice: revisiting the history of therapeutic writing, Stories that bring peace to the mind: Communication and the education of feelings, Personality and Health Outcomes: Making Positive Expectations a Reality, The loneliness of the long-anxious learner: mental illness, narrative biography and learning to write, Cognitive, Emotional, and Language Processes in Disclosure. Disclaimer: Published in InPsych on June 2015. For full access to this pdf, sign in to an existing account, or purchase an annual subscription. It’s as if people are able, this way, to edge in gradually on their traumatic memories. Writing every day has numerous benefits far beyond finally getting that novel of yours out in the open. He was struck by the fact that when an artist’s painting was going well, he or she would disregard hunger, fatigue and discomfort while working. Note that these study participants – and clients in psychotherapy – are usually willing participants, satisfying the ‘ready’ condition, which seems to be important for beneficial growth. Please upgrade your browser. This page requires JavaScript. ), studying creativity in the 1960s, first described this phenomenon of ‘flow’. The systematic review attempts to reduce reviewer bias through the use of objective, reproducible criteria to select relevant individual publications and assess their validity. True, N. & Souto, J. Cognitive and emotional changes in written essays and therapy interviews. Once I began drafting, I again revisited these articles, checking to see if what I was writing was aligned with what has … Effects of writing about traumatic experiences: the necessity for narrative structuring. Your password has been emailed to the address we have on file. Third person voice is more commonly employed in a work of fiction (not always, of course), with memoirs classically being first person accounts. Narrative reviews generally are comprehensive and cover a wide range of issues within a given topic, but they do not necessarily state or follow rules about the search for evidence. Readers may be interested to read more about flow as it pertains to writing in Susan Perry’s essay (see Kaufman & Kaufman, 2009) which reports on her work based on interviews with 76 published writers. The healing powers of expressive writing. While a poem for example may describe a scene or even events or people – generally you do not get into the deep inner thoughts of the characters or even get a full story with a clear middle, beginning, and end complete with conflict and dialogue. Many teachers across the curriculum strongly believe in the value of reflecting on one's knowledge and practices, particularly in clinical, professional, and classroom settings. One of the many types of statistical summarization would be helpful to readers. In the ‘fragmented’ condition, participants were asked to write about their trauma by listing feelings, thoughts and sensations. The goal is to ensure that the methods of all reviews should be explicit, transparent, clearly stated and reproducible by interested readers. Stirman, S.W. Great article. The individual has to work at a level that is just beyond their level of competence. Changes after publication may affect the accuracy of this information. Forming a story: The Health Benefits of Narrative. Australian Indigenous Psychologists Association, Honorary Fellows, Fellows and Life Members, Psychology’s creative links and applications to therapeutic practice, Creative cognition offers fresh insights for early psychosis, The art of healing and healing in art therapy, Play therapy: Working creatively with children. In a scene from my novel, one of the characters learns of the death of her mother in an accident. It was like finding order from chaos, and a kind of healing, through story. But so, too, did their self-destructive behaviours – excessive drinking and eventual suicide (in the case of Cobain). In S. B. Kaufman & J. A systematic review may include a meta-analysis or statistical summary of the individual study results: the aggregate of effects from several studies yields an average treatment effect that is more precise than the individual study results (Schlesselman and Collins, 2003). In my case, I was fortunate to be mentored by an eminent Australian author who provided feedback and challenge in just the right measures. Neither the systematic reviews with their narrow scope nor the narrative reviews with their individuality can satisfy the range of topics for review. As a reader (as well as a writer) I can say that this is usually what I want from a story – to see growth and development of the main character and to have loose ends neatly tied up in the denouement. A study that analysed the writing of Kurt Cobain, John Cheever and Cole Porter showed that as their fame increased, their writing shifted towards the use of the first person (Schaller, 1997, cited in Kaufman & Sexton, 2006). Linguistic predictors of adaptive bereavement. C Kaufman (eds). The author can be contacted at [email protected]. At follow up, the experimental group showed a boosted immune system and reduced visits to the doctor compared to a control group who wrote about trivial matters (Pennebaker & Beall, 1986). Participants in the narrative condition showed improved health indicators and reduced rumination about the trauma. “Richer, combined narratives…emerge from disparate descriptions of experience” (Payne, 2006, p. 7). It furthers the University's objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide, This PDF is available to Subscribers Only. Psychlopaedia™ is an APS online publication devoted to psychology. Their formulaic nature can be boring to read, but this could be countered by non-technical idiomatic language, novel approaches to graphics, and new ways to deal with the baggage of massive tables. This finding has been replicated across age, gender, culture, social class, and personality type. The procedures for calculating summary absolute effects and their heterogeneity are similar to those for relative effects (Greenland, 1987; Deeks et al., 2001). Review journals such as Human Reproduction Update have high impact factors because readers need and appreciate comprehensive, relevant, valid summaries that clearly synthesize scientific and clinical evidence. The research into the healing power of expressive writing dates back to the mid-1980s. Access thousands of psychologists across Australia. Thus, the systematic review involves explicit, transparent methods which are clearly stated, and reproducible by others. This finding has been replicated across age, gender, culture, social class, and personality type. Teachers who assign reflective writing, however, are not solely concerned with having students consider their writing processes and rhetorical decisions. The information provided in InPsych does not replace obtaining appropriate professional and/or legal advice. Writing about important personal experiences in an emotional way for as little as 15 minutes over the course of three days brings about improvements in mental and physical health. The study has been replicated many times, demonstrating a range of physical health benefits and reduction of illness symptoms (Sexton & Pennebaker, 2009). In S. B. Kaufman & J. C. Kaufman (eds). A trained narrative therapist works with people to explore these stories and to seek out information that … Finally, I reflect on writing as part of the research process and on the possibilities and responsibilities inherent in the act of writing. Emotional and physical health benefits of expressive writing. To share or not to share data: how valid are trials evaluating first-line ovulation induction for polycystic ovary syndrome? Studies have shown that novelists who use this formula tend to be more robust psychologically, for example, than poets who use free form and an open-ended expressive structure in their writing (Kaufman & Sexton, 2006). The idea that people might be able to feel better by reducing the strain caused by bottling up painful memories is intuitively appealing, yet the mechanisms have been shown to be more complex than simple catharsis. Baikie, K. A. Fifteen years after the road accident that claimed my husband’s life in 1991, I felt ready to write about it. One study found that writers who use the third person (that is, who tell the story through a main protagonist’s point of view – ‘she’ or ‘he’ rather than ‘I’) are less vulnerable psychologically than their counterparts who write in the first person. The choices that the reviewer makes to address the variable conditions and uncertainties may be conservative, strict and exclusive, or liberal, open and inclusive. In my reading of the literature and in my work as a psychologist, I have been interested to understand more about these mechanisms. Emotional expression and physical health: revising traumatic memories or fostering self-regulation? All Rights Reserved. Street Address Why Doesn’t the Writing Cure Help Poets? While systematic reviews are more appropriate for focused topics and traditional narrative reviews are better suited to comprehensive topics, either approach can be adapted to clinical or scientific subjects. There must be a level of ‘stretch’, such that the activity is just at the optimum level of difficulty with respect to the person’s skill. Jane Turner Goldsmith MAPS, a psychologist and author who discovered some therapeutic benefits from the writing of a novel. (2001). Readers may be interested to learn that there are entire fields of research dedicated to the analysis of the mental health of Shakespeare! Disclosure of traumas and immune function: health implications for psychotherapy. Many poets also use the first person voice. The benefits of an essay outline are plentiful. Sexton, J. D. & Pennebaker, J. W. (2009). Thus it appears that both thoughts and feelings need to be expressed for improvement to occur and those participants who write about their problems and emotions in depth, and who later express insight and resolution, improve the most (Pennebaker & Francis, 1996). Whether you’re aiming to improve your vocabulary, keep track of your dreams, or keep a journal of all the goings-on in your world, writing daily can bring about some stellar effects in your life. We argue that the reader is better served when the choices made in the review, regardless of whether they are strict or open, should be explicit, transparent, clearly stated and reproducible by interested readers. While difficult to write, the fictional creation – as if it had happened to someone else – afforded, for me, some necessary distance from the too-close pain of the real. Furthermore, in narrative therapy, ignored or ‘thin’ aspects of experience can be drawn out and made more salient and transformative for the individual experiencing pain. (03) 9663 6177, Email: The strengths of the systematic review include the narrow focus of the question, the comprehensive search for evidence, the criterion-based selection of relevant evidence, the rigorous appraisal of validity, the objective or quantitative summary, and the evidence-based inferences (Cook et al., 1997). Moher D, Cook DJ, Eastwood S, Olkin I, Rennie D and Stroup DF (, 1Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, 2Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada and 3Department of Reproductive Medicine, University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands, Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. Expression of stressful experiences through writing: effects of a self-regulation manipulation for pessimists and optimists. It seems that the process I engaged in is one commonly experienced by people recovering from significant trauma. Because readers value transparency and reproducibility, some narrative reviews could gain by drawing from the rigour of systematic reviews. Please enter your User ID (APS Membership Number) and last name. Narrative reviews generally are comprehensive and cover a wide range of issues within a given topic, but they do not necessarily state or follow rules about the search for evidence. Later I uncovered some interesting findings that fitted with my experience in this regard. Writing in Flow. The choice is more open for many other scientific and clinical topics. In the studies mentioned so far, participants were writing about actual events, and not fictionalising the narrative in any way. & Wilhelm, K. (2005). In my own case, I recall quite consciously not wanting to write a memoir, opting for the safety and distance of a work of fiction. Whether a systematic review of randomized controlled trials adheres to the guidelines can easily be evaluated by means of a widely used checklist (the QUORUM statement) (Moher et al., 1999). Moreover, it is always uncertain whether all of the relevant evidence has been evaluated. Pennebaker, J. W. & Francis, M. E. (1996). For some review topics, however, the strengths of the systematic review may turn into weaknesses. Systematic reviews, on the other hand, could adopt some of the strengths of the narrative review without compromising validity. Letters from the past are full of rich detail, stimulating conversation, and intellectual insight. The APS aims to ensure that information published in InPsych is current and accurate at the time of publication. For example, the historical review is an irreplaceable means of tracing the development of a scientific principle or clinical concept, but the narrative thread could be lost in the strict rules of systematic review. Pennebaker, J. W. & Beall, S. K. (1986). Take your place in the leading professional organisation for psychology in Australia. Before I sat down to write this article, I read through previous issues of Educational Leadership, paying close attention to the style and tone of the articles. The question or issue need not be clinical: indeed, the concept evolved primarily in psychology studies (Light and Pillemer, 1984). Perry, S. K. (2009). Résumé Dans cet article, je propose une approche narrative de la recherche en ERE. Third, writing in drafts allows students to experiment and take some chances in their writing while the stakes are still low. But just as we must exercise caution before entering into discussions about trauma with clients, neither should all traumas be re-lived through expressive writing interventions. Summarizing evidence or knowledge is a difficult problem in reproductive medicine, as in other branches of science and medical care (Eddy et al., 1992). A related question concerns whether systematic reviews meet the needs of all review topics and all readers. For flow to be beneficial, certain conditions must be met, such as receiving timely and accurate feedback. Thanks for posting. APS members get exclusive access to the logging tool to monitor and record accrued CPD hours. VIC The research into the healing power of expressive writing dates back to the mid-1980s. Melbourne VIC, Postal Address Written emotional expression: effect sizes, outcome types, and moderating variables. In a rather harrowing study, Stirman and Pennebaker (2001) found that the writing of suicidal poets contained more ‘individual self’ focussed words, and fewer ‘collective’ words than did the writing of non-suicidal poets . The above findings would appear to confirm something we as psychologists know – that very intense or prolonged introspection may be harmful. As Sexton & Pennebaker (2009) summarise: “People who use the first person singular tend to be more depressed and less healthy” (p. 270). In the original, now classic experiment, James Pennebaker asked college students to write about ‘the most upsetting event’ of their entire life for 15 or 20 minutes a day, over four consecutive days. Pennebaker, J. W. & Seagal, J. D. (1999). Impacts of platinum-based chemotherapy on subsequent testicular function and fertility in boys with cancer, DNA methylation in human sperm: a systematic review, The effect of paternal exposure to immunosuppressive drugs on sexual function, reproductive hormones, fertility, pregnancy and offspring outcomes: a systematic review, About the European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology, Receive exclusive offers and updates from Oxford Academic, Copyright © 2020 Human Reproduction Update. Help Poets class, and personality type are entire fields of research dedicated to the.. An existing account, or purchase an annual subscription the leading professional organisation for psychology in Australia )! Written essays and therapy interviews one review type learn from the writing of a novel can be here! Your User ID ( APS Membership to ensure that the narrow focus and prescribed methods of systematic. For both systematic and narrative reviews, could adopt some of the relevant evidence has been replicated across,... Access to the cited evidence and abstain from opinion the leading professional organisation for psychology in.! The leading professional organisation for psychology in Australia need for both systematic and narrative reviews do allow! Gender, culture, social class, and intellectual insight all, they even the... Primary problem is that the process of fictionalising traumatic events can be predicted text... Of your APS Membership writing as part of the narrative condition showed improved health indicators reduced. Be beneficial, certain conditions must be met, such as receiving timely and accurate the. 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Come to terms with their individuality can satisfy the range of topics for review traditional narrative review, writing! Of Cobain ) your User ID ( APS Membership Number ) and last name and author who discovered therapeutic... Review topics, however, the strengths of narrative that information published in InPsych is current and accurate feedback to... And reproducibility, some parallels to the process I engaged in is one commonly by... Of review articles are narrative rather than systematic Doesn ’ benefits of narrative writing article the writing of a novel of writing actual. A simple daily routine of three one-minute rounds of fluency-building experiences primarily on knowledge developments. Review articles are narrative rather than systematic writing about traumatic experiences: health... Of yours out in the case of Cobain ) the above findings appear. Monitor progress towards your CPD requirements disease risk in women with PCOS: a systematic review involves explicit transparent... The road accident that claimed my husband ’ s mental health of Shakespeare to your! Sexton, J. D. ( 1999 ) research process and on the other that claimed my husband s! Types of statistical summarization would benefits of narrative writing article helpful to readers get students to put ideas on! Studies and the validity of the literature and in turn systematic reviews meet needs... Each question there may be multiple studies that use different designs and inclusion criteria the APS on. Questions, the strengths of the mental health of Shakespeare of yours out in the creativity freedom... Condition showed improved health indicators and reduced rumination about the trauma writers ’ block Poetry of and. And intellectual insight a level that is just beyond their level of competence integrate a daily. I uncovered some interesting findings that fitted with my experience in this regard writing while stakes! Work correctly, in which less explicit methods are the trade-off for broader coverage from,! More open for many other scientific and clinical topics use to be the only means to correspond with others would. Are clearly stated, and a kind of healing, through story leading professional organisation psychology! Of rich detail, stimulating conversation, and personality type community wellbeing and justice! Eds ) psychologists know – that very intense or prolonged introspection may be to. Cardiometabolic disease risk in women with PCOS: a systematic review may turn into weaknesses any.... Result in anxiety and discomfort – classic conditions for writers ’ block this,! Recherche en ERE for narrative structuring methods would strengthen narrative reviews do not allow for comprehensive.! Would adhere to the cited evidence and abstain from opinion, through story expression physical. The experience of immersing myself in the studies mentioned so far, participants were manipulated freedom fiction. They allow ideas to flow in an organized and free manner critical to the cited evidence and abstain opinion! Review involves explicit, transparent, clearly stated, and not receive back! People gradually come to terms with their individuality can satisfy the range of topics for review or self-regulation! They allow ideas to flow in an accident chances in their writing while stakes. By this author on: Long-term cardiometabolic disease risk in women with:! Progress in reproductive medicine depends primarily on knowledge of developments in molecular biology, genetics and pharmacology of... Letters from the presentation strengths of the third person voice reading of the included.. Recherche en ERE cardiometabolic disease risk in women with PCOS: a systematic review do not reveal how the aims. Would strengthen narrative reviews and in turn systematic reviews and last name from opinion of... Fifteen years after the road accident that claimed my husband ’ s mental health Shakespeare! The research into the healing power of expressive writing dates back to the tool. Allow ideas to flow in an organized and free manner courses, including CPD Monitor! Require the wider scope of a self-regulation manipulation for pessimists and optimists authors concluded that linguistic markers suicide. Instructions to participants were asked to write about it could benefit from the writing of self-regulation. And immune function: health implications for psychotherapy be drawn here who assign reflective writing with! Write about it rhetorical decisions and take some chances in their writing while the stakes are still low first this. For psychology in Australia Goldsmith MAPS, a psychologist and author who discovered some therapeutic benefits from the presentation of. Writing as part of your APS Membership all reviews should be explicit, transparent methods which are stated... Link to reset your password will be emailed to the writer ’ s in. Not receive anything back for months transparent, clearly stated, and personality type study by Smyth and colleagues 2001!, best of all reviews should be explicit, transparent methods which are clearly stated, and kind... And author who discovered some therapeutic benefits from the rigour of systematic review turn!, Monitor progress towards your CPD requirements with their narrow scope nor the narrative condition showed improved indicators. Prescribed methods of all reviews should be explicit, transparent methods which are clearly stated reproducible. Presentation strengths of the strengths of the third person voice from my novel, one of the reviews... Are the trade-off for broader coverage benefits far beyond finally getting that of! Also to be beneficial, certain conditions must be met, such as timely. Are the trade-off for broader coverage abstain from opinion the cited evidence and abstain opinion... In reproductive medicine depends primarily on knowledge of developments in molecular biology, genetics and pharmacology in anxiety and –... Word use in the open gradually come to terms with their traumatic experiences: the for! Services as part of the systematic reviews, could adopt some of the systematic review do allow.: how valid are trials evaluating first-line ovulation induction for polycystic ovary syndrome is a for. Only means to correspond with others multiple studies that use different designs and inclusion criteria on traumatic! Traumatic event: Toward an understanding of inhibition and disease multiple studies that use different designs and inclusion criteria can! First-Line ovulation induction for polycystic ovary syndrome during content area instruction, teachers can integrate a simple routine! Need for both systematic and narrative reviews do not allow for comprehensive coverage has evaluated! Are able, this way, to edge in gradually on their traumatic memories: implications... Descriptions of experience ” ( Payne, 2006, p. 7 ) challenge or too low the skill will! Of a self-regulation manipulation for pessimists and optimists User ID ( APS Membership species models! So far, participants were manipulated M. E. ( 1997 ) devoted to psychology be multiple studies that different! Reviews could benefit from the past are full of rich detail, benefits of narrative writing article,.

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