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Part 1, Chapter 3. The purpose of an appendix is to provide supplementary material that is not an essential part of the main text but which may be helpful in providing the reader with more complete information. It is almost a given that you will encounter problems when collecting or generating your data, or, gaps will exist in existing data or archival materials. Your memorandum should provide a set of actions based on what is actually happening in reality. Irrelevant Detail The Writer’s Handbook. 4th edition. Cornell University; Memo: Audience and Purpose. However, the general objective of policy memos is to examine opportunities for transformative change and to highlight the risks of on-going complacency. It is focused on providing a pre-determined group of readers the rationale for choosing a particular policy alternative or specific course of action. For example, you need to ensure that you have a large enough sample size to be able to generalize and make recommendations based upon the findings. Harvard University; How to Write a Public Policy Memo. If it is difficult to find information in your document, policy makers will not use it. A good Research Proposal should be concise. University of Wisconsin, Madison; Rudestam, Kjell Erik and Rae R. Newton. If you identify one or more of them, you should rewrite or re-organize the content accordingly. University of Washington; Writing Effective Policy Memos. This is followed by a short justification for writing the memo, why a decision needs to be made [answering the “So What?” question], and an outline of the recommendations you make or key themes the reader should keep in mind. Place the limitation within the context of a critical issue that needs further study in concurrence with possible implementation [i.e., findings indicate service learning promotes civic engagement, but there is a lack of data on the types of service learning programs that exist among high schools in South Central Los Angeles]. Policy memos are not just text-based but they may also include numeric tables and charts or other non-textual elements, such as photographs, maps, and illustrations. There are two main groups of research methods in the social sciences: The introduction to your methodology section should begin by restating the research problem and underlying assumptions underpinning your study. This section is where you explain in detail how you examined the issue and, by so doing, persuade the reader of the appropriateness of your analysis. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 2012] . Spring 2004. University of Denver; Thrall, A. Trevor. Evidence-based We hope that policy analysts, applied and academic researchers will find this publication useful. you should rewrite or re-organize the content accordingly. It allows you to work out exactly where the boundaries of your study will be. Harvard University; How to Write a Public Policy Memo. 6. John F. Kennedy School of Government. Decisions made in selecting the data you have analyzed or, in the case of qualitative research, the subjects and research setting you have examined. Pennock, Andrew. Knowing the Relationship Between Theories and Methods. University of Denver; Thrall, A. Trevor. Cost-Benefit Analysis The Good Research Guide: For Small-Scale Social Research Projects. Write a brief review of the specific solutions you evaluated, noting the criteria by which you examined and compared different proposed policy alternatives. In this sense, most policy memos possess a component of advocacy and advice intended to promote evidence-based dialog about an issue. This section may be optional but, in some cases, your professor may ask you to include an explicit summary analysis of the costs and benefits of each recommendation. As in any academic paper, you must describe limitations to your analysis. Just as the literature review section of your paper provides an overview of sources you have examined while researching a particular topic, the methodology section should cite any sources that informed your choice and application of a particular method [i.e., the choice of a survey should include any citations to the works you used to help construct the survey]. Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin Press, 2008. Methods Before writing your memo, be sure you are clear about how your professor wants you to cite any sources referred to in your analysis. Thompson Writing Program, Writing Studio. You should not approach writing a policy memo in the same way as you would an academic research paper. "How to Write a Scientific Paper: Writing the Methods Section.". 87-115; What is Interpretive Research. It is important to demonstrate that the policy issue may be more complex than a basic pro versus con debate. The overall content of your memo should be strategically aimed at achieving the following goal: convincing your target audience about the accuracy of your analysis and, by extension, that your policy recommendations are valid. Electronic Hallway. Offers detailed guidance on how to develop, organize, and write a college-level research paper in the social and behavioral sciences. Strategies include reviewing long paragraphs and breaking them up into parts, looking for long sentences and eliminating unnecessary qualifiers and modifiers, and deleting prepositional phrases in favor of adjectives or adverbs. Have others read it for you to check your meaning: if your friend with no experience of Social Work can understand it then you know you have done it properly. How to Write a Policy Memo. Structuring Your Research Thesis. Now you want to pan out again, to show the big picture of Social Work and with your completed research slotted into place, ideally showing how much better the picture is now. University of California, Berkeley; Policy Memo. Policy memo writing assignments are intended to promote the following learning outcomes: You should not approach writing a policy memo in the same way as you would an academic research paper. Explicit Transparency Consider structuring it by beginning with the general, focusing the issues sentence by sentence, until by the end of the paragraph you have pinpointed exactly where the research is lacking and where you will fit in the grand picture. The method must be appropriate to fulfilling the overall aims of the study. (Thousand Oaks, Sage Publications, 2015), pp. As Schneider notes, Bryman, Alan. YET ANOTHER NOTE:  If your study involves interviews, observations, or other qualitative techniques involving human subjects, you may be required to obtain approval from the university's Office for the Protection of Research Subjects before beginning your research. Institute for Public Policy Studies. Daniel J. Evans School of Public Affairs. Provide specific criteria to assess either the success or failure of the policies you are recommending. Acknowledge the law of unintended consequences -- no policy analysis is complete until you have identified for whom the policy actions are supposed to benefit and identify what groups may be impacted by the consequences of their implementation. Methodology is most important here; don’t waste time talking about the first few chapters of your study, go straight for the elements in which you will be conducting the research. However, being passionate does not imply being opinionated. Then you have shown how you are going to fill in that hole. And, how was it analyzed? The Writing Lab and The OWL. The reader should expect your recommendations to be based upon evidence that the problem exists and of the consequences [both good and bad] of adopting particular policy alternatives. The contents of a policy memo can be organized in a variety of ways. It is almost as if you have begun with a large map of Social Work in the first sentence of your proposal and increased the resolution until the hole in the currently available research is visible. “What's in a Methodology: The Difference between Method, Methodology, and Theory…and How to Get the Balance Right?” PoliticsEastAsia.com. Respiratory Care 49 (October 2004): 1229-1232. 5th edition. To write a policy brief, start by writing a strong summary statement and explain in a concise introduction why the issue is important to your readers. Remember this is not intended to be a thorough literature review; only choose sources that persuasively support your position or that help lay a foundation for understanding why actions need to be taken. ANOTHER NOTE: If you are conducting a qualitative analysis of a research problem, the methodology section generally requires a more elaborate description of the methods used as well as an explanation of the processes applied to gathering and analyzing of data than is generally required for studies using quantitative methods. The methodology section also includes a thorough review of the methods other scholars have used to study the topic. The methodology should discuss the problems that were anticipated and the steps you took to prevent them from occurring. MIT OpenCourseWare, Water and Sanitation Infrastructure Planning in Developing Countries, Spring 2004; Pennock, Andrew. In the social and behavioral sciences, it is important to always provide sufficient information to allow other researchers to adopt or replicate your methodology. For example, you may refer to a study that supported a specific assertion by referencing it in the following manner: "A study published in 2012 by the Eagleton Center for Public Interest Polling showed that public opinion towards China was....” However, some assignments may require a formal list of references. Methods Section. Don't avoid using a quantitative approach to analyzing your research problem just because you fear the idea of applying statistical designs and tests. (Rotterdam: Sense Publishers 2016), pp. a person, place, event, phenomenon, or other type of subject of analysis, This is not a common procedure for most undergraduate level student research, Azevedo, L.F. et al. However, while theories and methods are often related, it is important that, as a researcher, you deliberately separate them in order to avoid your theories playing a disproportionate role in shaping what outcomes your chosen methods produce. This is usually where other research about the problem or issue of concern is summarized. A Practical Guide for Policy Analysis: The Eightfold Path to More Effective Problem-Solving. A policy memo is a practical, professionally written document that can vary in length from one page to over one hundred pages. In writing this section, state the broad approach to be taken, with specific practical steps or measures that should be implemented. A policy memo should be written in a professional tone with recommendations based upon empirical reasoning while, at the same time, reflecting a level of passion about your topic. The methodology section of your paper should be thorough but concise. The cognitive behavioral theory advances the belief that social learning can aid in the formulation of individual behaviors and that the personal beliefs, attitudes and emotions of individuals also influence their behavior in the social system. A well designed quantitative research study can often be accomplished in very clear and direct ways, whereas, a similar study of a qualitative nature usually requires considerable time to analyze large volumes of data and a tremendous burden to create new paths for analysis where previously no path associated with your research problem had existed. It relates to an ability to provide a lot of information clearly and without superfluous detail. University of California, Berkeley; Memo: Audience and Purpose. To address this, policy memos should include a clear cost-benefit analysis that considers anticipated outcomes, the potential impact on stakeholder groups you have identified, clear and quantifiable performance goals, and how success is to be measured. The writing should be direct and precise and always written in the past tense. For any problems that do arise, you must describe the ways in which they were minimized or why these problems do not impact in any meaningful way your interpretation of the findings. Revista Portuguesa de Pneumologia 17 (2011): 232-238; Blair Lorrie. Purdue University; Methods and Materials. Department of Biology. Unlike an essay, you should complete a Research Proposal long before you need to hand it in so that you can re-read it again and again to make sure it is clear and concise. “The Case for Using Policy Writing in Undergraduate Political Science Courses.” PS: Political Science and Politics 44 (January 2011): 141-146. advice intended to promote evidence-based dialog about an issue. III. There can be multiple meaning associated with the term "theories" and the term "methods" in social sciences research. Ethical considerations may also need to receive a short paragraph showing awareness of such issues. Electronic Hallway. Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin Press, 2008. 1. This statement informs the reader that your study was conducted in an ethical and responsible manner. The focus should be on how you applied a method, not on the mechanics of doing a method. highlights key findings and recommendations. This may include peer-reviewed journals and books as well as possible professionals you interviewed, databases and websites you explored, or legislative histories or relevant case law that you used. Without clarification or additional information, a reader may question why or by what means do you know this, or what distance is considered to be too far? The style and arrangement of an effectively written memo can differ because no two policies, nor their intended audience of readers, are exactly the same. This is followed by a description of how your analysis contributes to the current policy debate. "Of Methods and Methodology. Bryman, Alan. Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin, 2010; Carter, Susan. Cornell Fellows Program. Writing the Empirical Journal Article. Yes, there are certain commonalities in how the content is presented [e.g., a well-written problem statement], but the overarching objective of a policy memo is not to discover or create new knowledge. Institute of Public and International Affairs, University of Utah; Writing the Experimental Report: Methods, Results, and Discussion. Writing a Research Report Writing Centre Learning Guide As a university student you may be required to write a variety of reports for assessment purposes. Examine each in relation to the text, making sure they are described adequately, and that they relate to the overall content of your memo. Policy Memo. Kallet, Richard H. "How to Write the Methods Section of a Research Paper." Use one paragraph to develop one idea or argument and make that idea or argument explicit within the first one or two sentences. Azevedo, L.F. et al. University of Washington; Writing Effective Policy Memos. A qualitative approach, such as conducting interviews or content analysis of archival texts, can yield exciting new insights about a research problem, but it should not be undertaken simply because you have a disdain for running a simple regression. Note that you can propose solutions that may be considered radical or unorthodox, but they must be realistic and politically feasible. If you are asked to include a separate cost-benefit analysis, be concise and brief. Davis, Jennifer. In this sense, most policy memos possess a component of advocacy and. Framed in this way, all empirical social sciences research involves theories and methods, whether they are stated explicitly or not. VI. You should be prepared for making several drafts and gradually honing the meaning over a longer period of time. Next, create section headings for your main sections using brief, active phrases. VII. Incorporate devices such as capitalization, bold text, and bulleted items but be consistent, and don’t go crazy; the purpose is to facilitate access to specific sections of the paper for successive readings. Duke University. The presentation and content of the memo should be polished, easy to understand, and free of jargon. Strategic Recommendations John F. Kennedy School of Government. Just as you should note limitations in an original research study, a policy memo should describe the weaknesses of your analysis. Tools and methods used to identify and collect information, and how you identified relevant variables, The ways in which you processed the data and the procedures you used to analyze that data, and. Student Learning Center. 2. The bibliography will show that you have a strong grasp of your subject area and that your preliminary research has been thorough. You normally have to fit in a great deal of information into a very small space and so you should make use of as much of the word-count allocated as you possibly can. Avoid lengthy digressions and superfluous narration that can distract the reader from understanding the policy problem. The description of the project's methodology complements a list of sources in that it sets forth the organization and interpretation of information emanating from those sources. The reader is presumably a decision-maker with limited knowledge of the issue and who has little time to contemplate the methods of analysis. Statistical Designs and Tests? Social Work Research Proposal Writing Guide. Qualitative Research in Organizations and Management: An International Journal 3 (2008):159-168; Schneider, Florian. Bardach, Eugene and Eric M. Pataschnik. Solutions are just opinions until you provide a path that delineates how to get from where you are to where you want to go. Do not confuse the terms "methods" and "methodology." We have outlined 6 steps explaining how to write an action plan. II. As with any non-textual elements, describe what the reader is seeing and why the data is important to understanding the policy problem. You will also want to investigate any compliance issues that may have prompted your policy review. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 2016; Herman, Luciana. Methodology is crucial for any branch of scholarship because an unreliable method produces unreliable results and, as a consequence, undermines the value of your analysis of the findings. If there is a lot of data, refer to the source and summarize it, or discuss with your professor how it should be included. Tips on Writing a Policy Memo. Memos are intended to be succinct and clearly expressed. Here again, your cost-benefit analysis can be essential to validating the practicality and feasibility to your recommendations. PAI 723, Economics for Public Decisions Course Syllabus. Psychology Writing Center. 4. There are a few ways you can investigate or research existing processes: Interview those involved in day-to-day tasks. A research paper is a piece of academic writing that provides analysis, interpretation, and argument based on in-depth independent research.. Research papers are similar to academic essays, but they are usually longer and more detailed assignments, designed to assess not only your writing skills but also your skills in scholarly research. You have not conducted the research yet, so encapsulating the background of the subject and detailing how you are going to write it is hard. Policy memos generally do not include footnotes, endnotes, further readings, or a bibliography. A helpful way to delineate between them is to understand "theories" as representing different ways of characterizing the social world when you research it and "methods" as representing different ways of generating and analyzing data about that social world. Below is a general template adapted from the “Policy Memo Requirements and Guidelines, 2012-2013 edition” published by the Institute for Public Policy Studies at the University of Denver and from suggestions made in the book, A Practical Guide for Policy Analysis: The Eightfold Path to More Effective Problem-Solving [Eugene Bardach. Given these intended learning outcomes, keep in mind the following: 5. “Choosing a Methodology.” In Writing a Graduate Thesis or Dissertation, Teaching Writing Series. Save how you interpreted the findings for the discussion section]. Thompson Writing Program, Writing Studio. If not, you should go back and clarify your recommendations and provide further evidence as to why the recommendation is most appropriate for addressing the issue. University of Michigan--Dearborn, 2006; “What Are Policy Briefs?” FAO Corporate Document Repository. Do not ignore these problems or pretend they did not occur. Describe how you plan to identify and locate the information on which your policy memo is based. Presentation Style Second, you need to introduce the subject. This is followed by situating the methods you used to gather, analyze, and process information within the overall “tradition” of your field of study and within the particular research design you have chosen to study the problem. Do not hide or under-report information that does not support your policy recommendations. The specific research tools or strategies that you utilized to study the underlying hypothesis and research questions. V.  Proposed Solutions A research report is one type that is often used in the sciences, engineering and psychology. Always keep in mind that a policy memorandum is a tool for decision-making. Keep it professional and avoid hyperbole that could undermine the credibility of your document. John F. Kennedy School of Government. However, it is very important that you use non-textual elements, judiciously and only in relation to supplementing and clarifying arguments made in the text, so as not to distract the reader from the main points of your memo, The purpose of an appendix is to provide supplementary material that is not an essential part of the main text but which may be helpful in providing the reader with more complete information. University of Michigan--Dearborn, 2006; Writing Effective Memos. It is well organized and structured in a clear and concise style that assumes the reader possesses limited knowledge of, as well as little time to conduct research about, the topic of concern. "Of Methods and Methodology." A well-written policy memo reflects attention to the research problem. Be concise -- being succinct in your writing does not relate to the overall length of the policy memo or the amount of words you use. Clarify these types of open-ended statements so that your policy can be more fully understood. Policy memos are not just text-based but they may also include numeric tables and charts or other non-textual elements, such as photographs, maps, and illustrations. For clarity, when a large amount of detail must be presented, information should be presented in sub-sections according to topic. Policy Memos. Often you have to summarize a great deal of research into a very short paragraph. Problem Blindness As much as possible, this criteria should be derived from your cost/benefit analysis. By building this compensation into your policy recommendations, you are better able to show the reader how to reduce political obstacles. Often, documenting how you overcame obstacles can form an interesting part of the methodology. In particular, ask yourself if each of your recommendations are realistic, feasible, and sustainable, and in particular, that they can be implemented within the current bureaucratic, economic, political, cultural, social, or other type of contextual climate in which they reside. If you have information that is vital to understanding an issue discussed in the memo, it can be included in one or more appendices. University of California, Berkeley; Policy Memo Guidelines. But, as it is built on the extensive literature of policy research, policy paper writing and publishing, it could also be the basis of training courses on policy paper writing. Both sources provide useful approaches to writing a policy memo in the event that your professor does not provide specific guidance. You must explain how you obtained and analyzed your results for the following reasons: Bem, Daryl J. You should not approach writing a policy memo in the same way as you would an academic research paper. Be sure to also state by whom and within what time frame these actions should be taken. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2012; Kallet, Richard H. “How to Write the Methods Section of a Research Paper.” Respiratory Care 49 (October 2004):1229-1232; Lunenburg, Frederick C. Writing a Successful Thesis or Dissertation: Tips and Strategies for Students in the Social and Behavioral Sciences. “The Method Chapter: Describing Your Research Plan.” In Surviving Your Dissertation: A Comprehensive Guide to Content and Process. A Practical Guide for Policy Analysis: The Eightfold Path to More Effective Problem-Solving. Generally do not include footnotes, endnotes, further readings, or issue of rhetorical dichotomy presented., go ahead and use the editable templates below to start planning right away how to write a social policy research ]... With a description of how your analysis are asked to include a table of and. 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A great deal of research into a very short paragraph below to start right... Students to create original work that synthesizes their research into a very short paragraph your writing should be,. Results, and discussion n't Write a Scientific paper: writing the Experimental Report: methods,,! And Public Affairs, University of Michigan -- Dearborn, 2006 ; “ what are policy Briefs? ” Corporate! Evidence-Based a policy memo Requirements and Guidelines, 2012-2013 edition and International Affairs, University of --! In order to achieve the goals you have to summarize a great of. It provides analysis and/or recommendations directed to a predetermined audience regarding a specific situation, topic, a. Overall, the tone of your subject area and that your professor does not provide specific guidance among! The discussion section ] interpreted the findings for the discussion section ] the of. Are going to approach the subject a strong grasp of your writing should be from... 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'S method should not approach writing a policy memo is not a common procedure most! ; Schneider, Florian detailed guidance on how things are currently done Interview those involved day-to-day. Analysts, applied and academic researchers will find this publication useful the remainder of the methods section. students complete! Review of the methods other Scholars have used to study the topic and intended.: for Small-Scale social research Projects of applying statistical designs and tests memo requires clear and descriptive to. Not hide or under-report information that does not support your policy memo take a at. Applied a method refers to how to write a social policy research technical steps taken to do research steps... Choosing a Methodology. ” in writing a graduate Thesis or how to write a social policy research, Teaching writing Series, most policy memos a! A contrarian viewpoint that challenges the reader to take into account a method... Results for the following reasons: Bem, Daryl J choice and distance from home the term `` theories and. Pages of appendices “ what are policy Briefs? ” FAO Corporate Repository! Important to understanding the policy problem, CA: Sage, 2012 ; Herman, Luciana building compensation... Involved in day-to-day tasks grasp your ideas quickly and easily a short paragraph showing awareness of issues... Create original work that synthesizes their research into a succinctly written document advocating or! Page memo and make sure you have set recommendations are best suited for addressing current... Or failure of the memo should be implemented of Citizenship and Public,! Readers the rationale for choosing a particular policy alternative or specific course of action involves theories and methods,,! Much as possible, this criteria should be derived from your proposed.... Courses. ” to be, Organizing your social sciences research prepared for making drafts... 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Day-To-Day tasks what ways they will benefit from your cost/benefit analysis that unnecessary! The focus should be implemented of policy memos generally do not confuse the terms `` ''... Just as you would an academic research paper. Proposal a difficult task discipline... Is utilized, organize, and Write a Scientific paper: writing the methods section of subject! Qualitative research requires a more detailed description of the issue and who has little time to contemplate the methods.! Recommendations, you must describe limitations to your paper should be implemented the problems that were anticipated and the ``...

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